The state housing commission and Aboriginal housing cooperatives begin to provide houses for Aboriginal peoples in towns as part of the assimilation policy. Authorities seek to close down unsightly fringe camps. An inspection of the “humpie” or shanty town on Platt’s Estate in Waratah (Newcastle) by health and lands officials in 1954 is most probably driven by a desire to close such “black camps” on the periphery of expanding modern industrial city. (Lucas 20; Newcastle Morning Herald p.2)